Jacqueline Barton

In this month’s update, we provide a snapshot of economic occurrences both nationally and from around the globe.

Key points

• Four major developed world central banks have already cut interest rates
• The US Federal Reserve and the Bank of England have all but flagged they are ready to start
• Australia’s RBA will be late to the party as inflation data fails to respond to high interest rates

We hope you find this month’s Economic Update as informative as always. If you have any feedback or would like to discuss any aspect of this report, please contact your Financial Adviser.

The Big Picture

Many central banks are now claiming at least a partial victory over controlling inflation, but it is far from clear by how much inflation would have fallen without rate hikes. Just through the rolling back supply chain blockages caused by the Covid lockdowns; and the war in the Ukraine not continuing to escalate; and oil prices coming back to more reasonable levels – inflation would likely have fallen – the question is by how much?

Indeed, it is apparent that the interest rate increases may have actually caused inflation in some of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) components, in particular shelter costs such as home rentals. That component makes up about 33% of the US CPI and 7% of the Australian CPI.

Inflation in rents and a few services like energy costs and insurance, are not going to come back to more reasonable levels because of interest rates being higher for longer.

The trouble with economics is that it is not possible to do controlled scientific experiments – as is the case for clinical trials of drugs – to determine what our monetary and government spending policies are doing to the economy. Rather, we must rely on ‘rational arguments’ based on economic theories and past experience.

Nevertheless, there is light at the end of the tunnel. Central banks are starting to cut rates and some economies are bouncing back – if only by a little.

The Swiss National Bank (SNB) started the ball rolling with an interest rate cut of 0.25% on 22^nd March this year to a rate of 1.5% p.a. followed by another cut to 1.25% p.a. in June.

The Swedish Riskbank (SR) was the second major central bank to cut its interest rate – on 8^th May by 25 bps to 3.75% p.a.

Then, in quick succession, the Bank of Canada (BoC) and the European Central Bank (ECB) each cut rates by 25 bps in the first week of June – to 4.75% p.a. and 3.75% p.a., respectively.

The Bank of England (BoE) came to a different conclusion in June. Inflation fell from 2.3% to 2.0% but they kept their interest rate on hold. However, the UK had a General Election on July 4^th so the BoE might have not wanted to get involved in politics. It has all but said it will cut its interest rate at its next meeting in August. Interestingly UK retail sales volumes grew at 2.9% p.a. for the year to 30 June, a rate well ahead of the expected 1.5% p.a.

The US Federal Reserve (Fed) took yet a different approach. It too kept rates on hold but Fed Chair Powell spoke at length about the measurement of shelter inflation problems. Two stories on the news wires amplified that view and one of those even mentioned the possible perverse effect that high rates were having on rents.

Powell made it clear that their shelter inflation measurement is a problem and that other methods exist. Indeed, other methods are used by other national statistical agencies. But Powell said he wasn’t going to change what they do (yet?).

Regular readers might recall that we have been running this rent argument for some months. If Powell has only just caught on, he might need a month or two to digest the problem and investigate alternatives. The official US CPI data, less shelter inflation, is below the 2.0% p.a. inflation target, clearly a data point the Fed is aware of.

The market is betting on a Fed rate cut in November and another in December. Another market indicator is pointing to a possible third cut which would see the Fed start to cut interest rates before its November meeting.

That brings us to the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and its June board meeting. They also kept rates on hold saying that decision was based on the ‘stickiness of inflation’. They said they didn’t even consider a cut at the meeting and they wheeled out the old, ‘We can’t rule anything in or out mantra’. This, in our view, was problematic in terms of meaningful guidance.

More importantly Governor Bullock talked about trying to avoid a recession. While it is true that the simplistic definition of a recession is for two consecutive quarters of negative growth in GDP, most professional economists dig deeper into the data before they are prepared to confirm an economic recession.

We believe that Australia has been in a ‘per capita’ recession for nearly 18 months noting negative per capita growth in GDP and negative absolute growth in retail sales volumes (i.e. sales adjusted for inflation). However, the significant population growth due to massive immigration flows has, at the national level, resulted in GDP increasing modestly (the number of households has gone up in percentage terms more than GDP per household has fallen).

Some say the jobs data for Australia are strong. We note full-time jobs grew by only 1.0% over the last twelve months – far below even normal population growth rates. Part-time employment grew by 6.2% over the same period. Since a large proportion of the immigration flow has been comprised of overseas students, it seems reasonable to consider the massive growth in part-time employment is due to foreign students taking part-time employment to supplement their living costs.

We believe that the per capita data is more representative of the economic experience of actual households and as a consequence of the RBA not responding with cuts to interest rates, the risk of Australia entering a more severe recession continues to grow.

Also, because of the well-known lags in monetary policy taking effect, an interest rate cut now would not stop the pipeline of past high interest rates continuing to slow our economy down for some time to come. Hence our concern in relation to the RBA inaction with its monetary policy.

There are nascent signs of broker forecasts of company earnings in Australia slowing down a fraction – but not enough to indicate an imminent downturn. Indeed, we expect average capital gains in FY25.

The US economy is riding high on the AI boom. Nvidia briefly overtook Microsoft in being the biggest listed company on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

Government Bond yields have been reasonably stable for some months with 10-year yields on Australian and US government bonds being above 4.3%. This stability is indicative of a level of indecision on the part of investors identifying that they accept that the interest rate tightening cycle is likely finished but they are not yet prepared to commit capital to a recession and falling interest rate scenario.

China’s economy is also showing renewed signs of life. If it does manage to engineer a revival, it could mean a strong revival in the Australia resource sector and, indeed, various agricultural commodities as the 2022 restrictions on trade have now been relaxed. Only lobsters are still on that restricted list.

The year to 30 June was a very good one for global equities – by and large – and the dip we had into October 2023 was short-lived. Despite some concerns, momentum in equities generally remains positive for the coming months and equity markets are factoring in lower interest rates without economies falling into deep recessions – and in some cases no recession at all.

But there are some key unknowns for the year ahead. Who will win the US election and how will they shape geopolitics and the economic environment? What will happen in the Ukraine in particular, if Donald Trump is elected president?

The Israel-Gaza issue has polarised global views. We do not recall such vocal opposition to Israel’s actions in the past. What are the implications of this and for the region generally?

China continues to pursue its territorial expansion in the South China Sea and in relation to Taiwan how does this play out? And what of the events that are yet to be revealed, will they be positive or negative?

Without evidence to the contrary, we remain cautiously optimistic.

Asset Classes

Australian Equities

The ASX 200 made strong gains (7.8%) over the year to 30 June despite its October setback. The index was up 0.9% over June.

The index didn’t have a big driver in the year just ended like the rise and rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the US or resources in Australia during China’s growth boom.

Our analysis of LSEG broker-forecasts of companies listed in the ASX 200 indicates a possible average year ahead.

International Equities

In the US the S&P 500 gained 22.7% over the year to 30 June on the back of a small number of stocks from the so-called ‘magnificent seven’ predominantly exposed to the AI theme.

While we do not see the AI boom as a bubble, there is no doubt that market expectations can run well ahead of a company’s ability to deliver on such lofty expectations which ultimately leads to a correction. While this can be a painful experience it is how markets work. In our view this boom is so different from the dotcom bubble experienced in the early 2000’s. The latter was largely based on hype and hope. AI is already producing goods and services across a wide range of industries and as such we believe will persist.

It is impossible to say whether AI will play as big a role as the industrial revolution or ‘the invention of the wheel’. At the start of the industrial revolution in the North of England, threatened hand-loom workers (the Luddites) smashed up the new mechanical looms for fear of losing their jobs. Did anyone then predict trains, motor vehicles, planes, computers and space travel would soon be invented while looms were being smashed? We doubt it. But also, we don’t need such a far-reaching vision as we have a wealth of history which has shown that innovation, disruption and change are the norm not the exception. To not participate in this momentum play could bode badly for those who ignore it.

June was mixed for of the other major indexes we follow. Over the year to 30 June all major share indexes, except for the Shanghai Composite, did reasonably well.

Bonds and Interest Rates

Except for Australia, all the major central banks have cut, or are poised to cut, their prime interest rates. The Fed was on hold at a range 5.25% to 5.5%. The dot plot chart displays the forecasts of the 19-member interest rate setting Federal Open Markets Committee. At the end of June, the dot plots median interest rate is for only one rate cut of 25 bps by December. However, if only one member had nominated two rather than one rate cut, the median would have been for two rate cuts. We do not expect the Fed to be overly concerned by the US election later in the year but we are mindful they do not want to be seen to be supporting either side.

With respect to Australia, there is little guidance being provided by the RBA and while we do not anticipate another interest rate increase in Australia, we do not expect that Governor Bullock will cut interest rates ahead of the US Fed. At this point we do not anticipate an interest rate cut here until 2025.

Other Assets

Iron ore prices ranged over $100 to $143 during the year to 30 June. It settled at US$105 per tonne down just under 9% for the month of June.

Brent oil prices also experienced a wide range over year to 30 June – from US$73 to US$97 per barrel – with the year closing out at US$86 per barrel.

Copper prices ranged $7,824 to $10,801 during year to 30 June closing the year at US$9,456.

Gold prices ranged from $1,818 to $2,432 in the year to 30 June closing the year at US$2,326.

The Australian dollar against the US dollar traded between US62.78 cents and US68.89 cents. It finished year to 30 June 24 at very near the same level as it did in June 2023.

Regional Review

Australia

Employment rose by 39,700 and all of that, and more, was from full-time job creation; part-time jobs were lost. The unemployment rate fell a notch from 4.1% to 4.0% in May.

What we find disturbing is that a longer-term view (over 12 months) shows that full-time employment rose by only 1% when long term population growth was more like 1.6%. Total employment rose by 2.5% which is broadly in line with recent population growth (including immigration) but part-time employment rose by 6.2%.

The massive influx of foreign students perhaps got some part-time work to supplement their cost of living. All good in the Australian spirit but it hinders people analysing the true strength of the jobs market. Jobs growth for the longer-term residents is quite weak.

Our quarterly GDP report was weak. Our economy grew by only 0.1% (and ‑0.4% after allowing for population growth) over the quarter or 1.1% over the year (‑1.3% in per capita terms).

Our household savings ratio fell to a worrying low of 0.9% from an historical average of 5% to 6%. Since this ratio includes superannuation guarantee levies, it is particularly low. Australians are suffering in economic terms. They are not dis-saving but neither are they able to build for their futures.

Fair Work Australia awarded minimum wage and award wage workers a 3.75% pay rise. Since (nominal) wages are lagging well behind cumulative price indexes movements, this increase is not inflationary and, indeed, more is needed to redress the losses most experienced during the pandemic.

Australian CPI inflation was a little higher than the RBA felt comfortable with and flirted with an interest rate increase. Our analysis shows that the main drivers – housing (inc. electricity at home), food, transport (inc. auto fuel), and alcohol & tobacco are largely unaffected by interest rate changes, with the possible exception of food.

The food inflation component has halved in its contribution to headline CPI over the past 12 months. Inflation of so-called tradables (goods and services that are or could be traded overseas) has been below 2% for nearly 12 months.

Since the RBA is charged with the dual mandate of full employment and stable prices, we think it has done more than enough on prices and the true employment picture has been disguised by the big immigration flow.

It is almost too late for a single interest rate cut to save the economy from having a more serious recession, particularly as the backlog of the impact of past interest rate increases has not had time to work through to the real economy.

China

China’s exports rose 7.6% against an expected 6%. However, imports rose only 1.8% against an expected 4.2%.

In the previous month, exports and imports reversed their roles: imports were strong and exports were weak. The manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index (PMI), a measure of manufacturers expectations, was weak.

US

US jobs were again strong with a gain of 272,000 jobs against an expected 190,000. The unemployment rate was 4.0% and average hourly earnings only grew by 0.4% for the month or 4.1% for the year. No inflationary pressure from there!

The private jobs survey (from ADP) was less flattering and the number of job openings per unemployed person has fallen from 2:1 recently to 1.2:1 this month. The US also has an immigration problem. We conclude that the US jobs market is less strong than the headline ‘nonfarm payrolls’ data suggest.

US inflation, because of the shelter component, does not look that good. But (official) US CPI-less-shelter inflation stands at 2.1! Producer Price Inflation (PPI), inflation for inputs, was negative for the month (at ‑0.2%). Rents are the only material problem and high interest rates are unlikely to curb that source of inflation in the broader index. Indeed, high interest rates may exacerbate investors willingness to build more supply.

At the end of June, the Fed’s preferred Personal consumption Expenditure (PCE) inflation came in at 0% for the month and 2.6% for the year. The core variant that strips out volatile fuel and food rose 0.1% for the month and 2.6% for the year. We think that this will encourage the Fed into making at least two cuts, but probably after the November 5^th election.

The University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index fell again to levels well below normal – but not (yet) at historic lows. US retail sales adjusted for inflation rose 0.1% for the month but ‑0.9% for the year.

The month closed out with the first presidential election debate. Biden performed so poorly that the Democratic Party is reportedly searching for an alternative candidate for the November 5^th election. Trump seemed far more composed and assured but many disagree with his policies.

Europe

The UK economy sprang back to life with a +2.9% increase sales volume for May against an expected 1.5%. Inflation fell to 2.0% from 2.3%

The 14-year-old Conservative government lost the July 4^th election to Labour in a landslide.

Rest of the World

While the big players are questioning first and second decimal points on inflation figures, Turkey just posted a 75% read for inflation to May (up from 69.8%) but only 3.3% for the month!

The Turkey central Bank was on hold at an interest rate of 50% while Mexico was on hold at 11%!

Canada GDP grew by 1.7% and it cut its interest rate!

Japan exports grew by 13.5% against a prior month of 8.3% in April.

We acknowledge the significant contribution of Dr Ron Bewley and Woodhall Investment Research Pty Ltd in the preparation of this report.

Welcome to the 2024 Tax Planning Guide. This comprehensive resource from *Orbit offers practical advice on optimising your tax strategy, from claiming home office expenses, to leveraging investment opportunities and government incentives.

Home office expenses

If you have been working from home, you may have expenses you can claim a tax deduction for. The ATO allows you to claim using a “Revised Fixed Rate Method” an amount of $0.67 per work hour for the 2024 year.

This amount covers most expenses from working from home, and you need to keep a detailed record of how you calculated the number of hours you are claiming. You can also claim expenses using an “Actual Cost” method – so please keep all invoice and receipts during the entire year to prove all claims.

Superannuation contributions

While you might not be flush with cash now and able to put large amounts into superannuation, it’s important that you are aware of what is possible to maximise your super balance and possibly reduce your tax at the same time.

Deductible super cap

The tax-deductible super contribution limit (or “cap”) is $27,500 for all individuals under age 75. Individuals need to pass a work test if over age 67.
To save tax, consider making the maximum tax-deductible super contribution this year before 30 June 2024.

The advantage of this strategy is that superannuation contributions are taxed at between 15% to 30% compared to typical personal income tax rates of between 34.5% and 47%.

Carried forward contributions

Carry-forward contributions are not a new type of contribution, they are simply new rules that allow super fund members to use any of their unused concessional contributions cap on a rolling basis for five years.

This means if you don’t use the full amount of your concessional contribution cap ($25,000 from 2019 to 2021, and $27,500 for 2021 and 2023), you may qualify to carry-forward the unused amount and take advantage of it up to five years later.

Carry-forward contributions are calculated on a rolling basis over five years, but any amount not used after five years expires. These carry-forward rules only relate to concessional contributions into super, not non-concessional contributions, as they have different caps.

After this year any unused 2019 concessional contributions cap will be lost forever – so now is the time to carefully consider this!

Spouse super contributions

You can make super contributions on behalf of your spouse (married or de facto), provided you meet eligibility criteria, and your super fund allows it. This is known as contribution splitting.

Doing this not only helps to boost your spouse’s retirement savings, but it can also help you save tax if your spouse has limited income.
You may be eligible for a tax offset of up to $540 on super contributions of up to $3,000 that you make on behalf of your spouse if your spouse’s income is $37,000 p.a. or less.

The offset gradually reduces for income above $37,000 p.a. and completely phases out at $40,000 p.a. and above. Additional tax on super contributions by high income earners.

The income threshold at which the additional 15% (‘Division 293’) tax is payable on super $250,000 p.a. Where you are required to pay this additional tax, making super contributions within the cap is still a tax effective strategy.

With super contributions taxed at a maximum of 30% and investment earnings in super taxed at a maximum of 15%, both these tax points are more favourable when compared to the highest marginal tax rate of 47% (including the Medicare levy).

10 ways to reduce your tax

1. Government co-contribution to your super
If you are on a lower income and earn at least 10% of your income from employment or carrying on a business and make a “non-concessional contribution” to super, you may be eligible for a Government co-contribution of up to $500.

In 2024, the maximum co-contribution is available if you contribute $1,000 and earn $43,445 or less. A lower amount may be received if you contribute less than $1,000 and/or earn between $43,445 and $58,445.

2. Ownership of investments
A longer-term tax planning strategy can be reviewing the ownership of your investments. Any change of ownership needs to be carefully planned due to capital gains tax and stamp duty implications. Please seek advice from your Accountant prior to making any changes.

Investments may be owned by a Family Trust, which has the key advantage of providing flexibility in distributing income on an annual basis and an ability for up to $416 per year to be distributed to children or grandchildren tax-free.

3. Property depreciation report
If you have an investment property, a Property Depreciation Report (prepared by a Quantity Surveyor) will allow you to claim depreciation and capital works deductions on capital items within the property and on the property itself.

The cost of this report is generally recouped several times over by the tax savings in the first year of property ownership.

4. Motor vehicle log book
Ensure that you have kept an accurate and complete Motor Vehicle Logbook for at least a 12-week period. The start date for the 12-week period must be on or before 30 June 2024. You should make a record of your odometer reading as at 30 June 2024 and keep all receipts/invoices for your motor vehicle expenses. Once prepared, a logbook can generally be used for a 5-year period.

An alternative (with no logbook needed) is to simply claim up to 5,000 business kilometres (based on a reasonable estimate) using the cents per km method.

5. Sacrifice your salary to super
If your annual income is $45,000 or more, salary sacrifice can be a great way to boost your superannuation and pay less tax.

By putting pre-tax salary into super rather than having it taxed as normal income at your marginal rate you may save tax. This can be especially beneficial for earing their retirement age.

6. Prepay expenses and interest
Expenses relating to investment activities can be prepaid before 30 June 2024. You can prepay up to 12 months of interest before 30 June on a loan for a property or share investment and claim a tax deduction this financial year. Also, other expenses in relation to your investments can be prepaid before 30 June, including rental property repairs, memberships, subscriptions, and journals.

7. Insurance premiums
Possibly your greatest financial asset is your ability to earn an income. Income Protection Insurance generally replaces up to 75% of your salary if you are unable to work due to sickness or an accident. The insurance premium is normally tax deductible, plus you get the benefit of protecting your family’s lifestyle if you cannot work due to sickness or an accident. It’s a small price to pay for peace of mind. Like rental property interest, income protection premiums can also be pre-paid for 12 months to increase your deductions.

8. Work related expenses
Don’t forget to keep any receipts for work-related expenses such as uniforms, training courses and learning materials, as these may be tax-deductible.

9. Realise capital losses
Tax is normally payable on any capital gains. You should consider selling any non-performing investments you hold before 30 June 2024 to crystallise a capital loss and reduce or even eliminate any potential capital gains tax liability. Unused capital losses can be carried forward to offset future capital gains.

10. Defer investment income and capital gains
If practical, arrange for the receipt of Investment Income (e.g. interest on term deposits) and the Contract Date for the sale of Capital Gains assets, to occur after 30 June 2024.

The Contract Date (not the Settlement Date) is generally the key date for working out when a sale or purchase occurred.

One of the most important steps you can take on the road to financial security is to prepare a sustainable budget beforehand. This will help give you the foundation you need to build an effective financial plan that is realistic, achievable and tailored to your own individual circumstances.

The importance of budgeting

Budgets are a vital aspect of financial planning because they identify the capacity you have for saving and investing. By taking a closer look at your income and outgoings, it’s easier to identify surplus cashflow that could be used to reduce debt, save for the future and bring your financial goals one step closer.

To get started, request a budget planner from your Financial Adviser or alternatively, you can search online, visit your bank or find a personal finance app that includes one.

Once you’ve got your budget planner, you should block out some time for the task, and be prepared to look honestly at your spending patterns. Budgeting needn’t be complex, and revolves around two straightforward questions:

What’s coming in?

Firstly, list all forms of income. As well as salaries, consider other forms of income such as interest on bank accounts, share dividends, child support, Centrelink payments or rental income from investment properties.

What’s going out?

Start with all the regular outgoings such as bills, home loan payments, travel expenses and groceries. Then consider any annual or occasional expenses like holidays, birthday gifts, restaurant meals or vehicle servicing.

If you have more money coming in than going out, the surplus can be used for investment or savings purposes. That’s a great position to be in, and the next step is to talk to an Infocus Financial Adviser who will help you make the most of it.

If you are only just covering your outgoings, or have more money going out than coming in, it’s time to look at ways to boost your income or cut back on your spending.

Balancing the budget

Taking on a part-time job or renting out a spare room to a student are two ways you could give your household income a boost – but you may find it is easier to save money than it is to make more.

Most of us spend money on things that are ‘nice-to-have’ rather than ‘must-have’, so there are some simple savings to be made. Small changes can make a big difference to our disposable income over time. For example, if you stop buying a coffee on the way to work each day, you could potentially save $1,300 per year.

Putting your savings to good use

Once you’ve isolated some savings, it’s time to put this surplus cash to work for your financial future. Here are some tips for successful saving:

• Find a savings account that offers a high rate of interest on your money.
• Ensure that interest is calculated daily on your account, not monthly or yearly.
• Set up an automatic direct debit from your transaction account into your savings account.

Searching out the savings

There are plenty of other ways to cut your outgoings. Keep the following tips in mind and you’ll soon see your weekly or monthly outgoings drop.

• Look around for a better home loan rate or have a mortgage broker search for you.
• Investigate whether solar power could save you money on hot water or electricity.
• Shop around when your insurance is up for renewal and ask about multi-policy discounts.
• Change to energy-efficient globes that last longer and are better for the environment.
• Try the supermarket-own grocery brands that provide great savings every week.
• Wrap up warm in winter with a jumper, rather than turning the heating up high.
• Dry clothes on a line not in a machine and look for more efficient models for white goods.
• Find out if you are paying bank fees and look around for fee-free options.

Keeping your cards under control

It’s also a good idea to look at the way you are using loans and credit cards and ask yourself if you’re paying more in interest than you need to. Here are some tips for reducing exposure to interest:

• Pay off credit cards each month (if you can) or as much as you can afford.
• Consolidate multiple loans into a single loan with a lower interest rate.
• Switch credit card debt to an interest-free balance transfer deal.
• Switch your spending to a debit card and only spend what you can afford.
• Don’t buy things on credit, if you can’t afford to buy them in cash.

A strategy for success

In essence, good budgeting comes down to common sense and discipline. So it’s important to be realistic about your spending, and not set yourself targets that you can’t reach.

For instance, you are better off switching your weekly cinema trip to a day when entry is cheaper, than it is to decide not to go at all. Similarly, planning to live on baked beans is not practical, no matter how much money you might save.

Above all, remember that budgeting is all about bringing the best out in your situation. Small sacrifices you make now could lead to a brighter financial future down the track.

In this month’s update, we provide a snapshot of economic occurrences both nationally and from around the globe.

Key points:

• Recent inflation numbers suggesting that inflation remains ‘sticky’.
• Central Bank interest rate increases are back on the table but still less likely than cuts.
• US economic growth softens in the March quarter.

We hope you find this month’s Economic Update as informative as always. If you have any feedback or would like to discuss any aspect of this report, please contact the team.

The Big Picture

If March was the month that central banks started to cut rates – or at least foreshadow cuts – April witnessed at least the US Federal Reserve (Fed) and the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), talking of pushing the timing of cuts back – and even introducing the chance of more interest rate increases. Market pricing moved the first Fed interest rate cut from June out to September at the start of the month. Even September is now looking uncertain unless clear new economic data come to hand that is sufficient to support the Fed to cut interest rates. One rate cut in December is becoming the dominant call priced into money markets.

By and large, new inflation data in the US and Australia were lower than in the previous month/quarter. So, what was the problem? The key word is ‘stickiness’.

Late last year there was lots of optimism of inflation rates making serious progress towards central bank inflation rate target zones.

We have done quite a bit of research into the reasons for this stickiness. In the US, we found that by far the main problem is with the ‘shelter’ component which comprises about 33% of the broad Consumer Price Index (CPI). Official US data of CPI excluding shelter makes it clear that the inflation problem has been solved in everything except shelter. This shelter excluded index was in the target zone (of 2% or less) for each month from May 2023 to February 2024. The latest reading of 2.3% can reasonably be accounted for by a slight blip in oil prices as a result of the ongoing Middle East conflict.

The US shelter index is based on actual rents plus ‘owner equivalent rents’ (OER) which provides a proxy for the cost of home ownership. Not only does the US use a rolling 12-month window to calculate the annual window, individual rental ‘prices’ are typically held constant over the term of the lease – say 12-months or more. This method of calculating inflation has the effect of locking in any big change for two years or more.

Rents however seem impervious to fed rate policy. Shelter inflation is largely due to the supply-demand imbalance during a period of strong immigration and dislocations through the reaction to the pandemic. The ‘formula’ for calculating shelter inflation means that it is highly unlikely that the shelter component will reach 2% by the end of the year – even if ‘underlying shelter’ inflation was fully solved in early 2023!

If the Fed cuts interest rates, it is not likely that shelter inflation will alter its course. Wages and input prices in the US are behaving quite well.

Many cite the strength of the US economy as a reason for not cutting yet. The preliminary estimate of US GDP growth for the March quarter (Q1) was 1.6% against an expected 2.4%. The previous two quarters’ growth rates were 1.2% and 0.8% with Q1 growth at 0.4%. There is a clear trend emerging!

While the latest US GDP data could just be a blip, it should at least put the Fed on ‘amber alert’. The June quarter (Q2) is already well underway and monetary policy takes about 12-18 months to work its way through the economy.

US monetary policy did not become ‘restrictive’ until September 2022 – when the Fed funds rate climbed above the ‘neutral rate’ of, say, 3%. That first restrictive hike has only just worked its way fully through the economy and there are 2.25% points of additional hikes still in the pipeline and yet to be fully felt.

US employment data have seemingly held up but it has been well supported by quite a lot of financial stimulus spending by the Biden administration. Even so, there have only been 34,000 new jobs created in US manufacturing since October 2022.

Many reputable commentators are questioning the appropriateness (or accuracy) of US labour data. Each month a very big chunk of new jobs is in the government, health care and social administration sectors. And how many jobs do they need to create to be able to accommodate immigration flows? We are living in a new era for understanding labour movements: work from home (WFH); gig economy; GenZ reluctance to work in the traditional model; early retirement, etc.

We came across an interesting statistic about US interest rates this month. The average interest rate paid across all mortgages is 3.8% but the rate for new loans is 7.1%. Because of the very long fixed-term loans favoured in the US, typically 30 years, they have been cushioned from rate rises much more so than those borrowing in Australia (who typically borrow at a floating interest rate) – so long as they don’t move home!

Australia’s jobs data were all over the place from November through to February – we suspect due to statistical seasonal adjustment procedures that have a more marked impact over the summer student school leaver / holiday period.

Our latest change in total employment over a month was -6,600! However, there were 27,900 new full-time jobs offset by a big loss in part-time employment. The unemployment rate was 3.8%.

Our economic situation can be effectively monitored through changes in retail sales. In March, retail sales fell -0.4% for the month and was up 0.8% for the year. When we allow for inflation, sales (i.e. volumes) fell by -0.8% for the month and -2.8% for the year. If we also allow for population growth of about 2.5%, the volume of sales attributable to the average person has fallen by -4.5% for the year.

The cumulative fall in retail sales (volume) is -4.9% from September 2022 which increases to nearly -10% when we account for population growth. The average person in Australia is consuming about 10% less ‘things’ than they were in September 2022 and this trend in foregone consumption has continued to build month after month.

The average Australian resident is also carrying a mortgage burden far greater than that held in any recent period. Australian consumers are hurting yet some ‘experts’ are calling for rate increases. How much more pain do they want to put on the consumer and, for what?

Our latest CPI data was a bit of a miss at 1.0% for the quarter against an expected 0.8% but we also have a shelter (or household) category that is causing some stickiness. Lower rates would make it more viable for developers to build more houses and apartments to alleviate the rental crisis. Higher interest rates are more likely to exacerbate the rental situation.

Markets – both bonds and equities – have been buffeted by reactions to higher than anticipated inflation data and central bank commentary. However, there have been many strong company earnings’ reports in the US that underpin the S&P 500 valuations.

China produced some mixed economic data. Q1 growth came in at a brisk 5.3% compared to a more modest expectation of 4.6%. However, both monthly retail sales and industrial output missed expectations.

Asset Classes

Australian Equities

While most of the major markets are well up on the year-to-date (y-t-d), the ASX 200 ended April y-t-d up only +1.0%. For the month, the ASX 200 was down -2.9%.

Our analysis of LSEG broker forecasts for Australian listed companies’ earnings is strong, but some expected weak macro data along the way could make share markets jittery.

Most sectors on the ASX 200 – save for Materials (+0.6%) and Utilities (+4.9%) – were in negative territory in April.

The narrative of the RBA governor’s press conference on May 7th could be key in guiding near-term movements in the index.

International Equities

The S&P 500 was down -4.2% on the month but the London FTSE was up +2.4%. China’s Shanghai Composite (+2.1%) and Emerging Markets (+1.6%) also had gains in April.

The S&P 500 swirled over sessions during the month as news, which was difficult to interpret, was digested. Towards the end of April, some strong earnings data lifted investor spirits.

Bonds and Interest Rates

In our opinion, investors and traders are finding it difficult to interpret ‘new’ news. There is little doubt that inflation has been easing – at least in general – but the difficult (almost impossible) question is whether it is improving sufficiently quickly that central bankers will be moved to reduce interest rates.

Central bankers seemed to be worried that, if they start cutting interest rates too soon – and inflation returns (whether or not due to the policy change) then they will need to begin the inflation fight again by increasing interest rates, in an environment where they will have lost credibility.

For the reasons stated, we think the central bankers are being overly cautious. But when billionaire, and much revered banker, Jamie Dimon states that rates might have to go to 8% to quell inflation, it is hard for dissenters to be taken seriously.

Nevertheless, for the reasons given in the opening section, we are reasonably confident that the next move for interest rates should be down, not up. However, if interest rates are cut and then a new supply shock happens, like heightened military action or oil price shocks, inflation would come back – but not because of interest rate cuts. Interest rates have almost no impact on wars and oil prices.

There is little chance (as priced in by the fixed interest markets) that either the Fed on May 14st, or the RBA on May 7th will adjust interest rates.

The latest Fed ‘dot-plot’ chart (each dot is the interest rate forecast of a Fed board member) released in March showed three cuts in 2024. With the market now pricing in only one, or possibly two interest rate cuts, it will be interesting to see the Fed’s stance when the dot-plot is refreshed in June.

When analysing interest rate policies, there are two very separate questions. Firstly, what should the central bank do? Secondly, what will the central bank do?

The first question is much easier to answer. And the two answers could imply moves in opposite directions.

We think macro data – particularly in the USA and Australia – will present a much clearer picture over the next quarter or two. By then, all else being equal, that without central bank interest rate policy easing we could be closer to recession.

The ECB and the BoE are expected to cut their interest rates in June after some supportive (softening) inflation data.

Other Assets

Iron ore (+15.6%) and copper (+14.8%) prices jumped out of the gates in April. That backs a recovering China story.

Oil (+1.1%) and gold (3.7%) prices were up but by more modest amounts. The Australian dollar (-0.1%) was flat but the VIX (equity market ‘fear’ index) was well elevated earlier in April but started to retreat in the last week or so to 14.8 – or just above normal.

Regional Review

Australia

The federal budget will be handed down in mid-May. Some fiscal stimulus seems likely but, again, this is the government fighting the RBA and the latter seems uncertain as to what course to plot.

Because immigration has been so strong, the usual statistics do not show the extent of the economic pain that the average person is feeling.

Fortunately for investors, company earnings depend on total revenue and not on revenue per capita. Therefore, the ASX 200 can be resilient when the average consumer is not doing so well.

There were 27,900 new full-time jobs created in the latest month but that was offset by a loss of -34,500 part-time jobs.

The headline CPI inflation rate was expected to come in at 0.8% for the quarter (Q1) or 3.4% for the year. The outcome was 1.0% for Q1 and 3.6% for the year. The market reacted negatively to these data and seemingly encouraged some to call for a return to interest rate rises. The RBA is set to announce its next rate decision on May 7th. It is highly likely that the RBA will hold the interest rate at the current level but the fixed interest market is starting to price in a chance of a rate hike later in the year.

With the pipeline of past interest rate increases building up recessionary pressure, we might even soon see aggregate GDP (rather than per capita GDP) growth in negative territory.

Retail sales for March came in at -0.4% for the month and up +0.8% for the 12 months. When adjusted for inflation, sales volume was down -0.8% for the month and -2.8% for the year. In inflation-adjusted terms, consumers are purchasing -4.9% less than they were in September 2022. If we also account for population growth sales volume would be down by near -10%. There is no demand pressure left for the RBA to quell!

China

Not long after the last People’s Congress had stated a target for growth of 5%, GDP data came in for Q1 at 5.3%, which was well above the 4.6% expected.

However, retail sales came in at 3.1% against an expected 4.6%. Industrial output also missed expectations at 4.5% against an expected 6.0%.

At the end of April, the Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) for manufacturing beat expectations at 50.4 when 50.3 had been expected but the index was 50.8 in the previous month (a level below 50 indicates contraction and a level above indicates expansion). The non-manufacturing PMI was 51.2 against an expected 53.0. While these results are not strong, they are solid.

US

On the face of it, US jobs data were again good. There were 303,000 new jobs created against an expected 200,000. The wage growth importantly was only 0.3%. Producer price inflation was below expectations at 0.2% for the month against an expected 0.3%.

However, for the first time since the recovery from lockdowns, GDP growth disappointed; Q1 growth was well under expectations at 0.4%.

Retail sales surprised to the upside for the month. Growth of 0.4% had been expected but the outcome was 0.7%. However, the US statistical agency put a tolerance of ±0.5% on that estimate meaning that 0.7% isn’t statistically significantly different from the expectations. That didn’t stop the market from responding favourably to the sales data!

In our opinion the market started to react quite strongly to very small differences between expectations and outcomes – both up and down.

Europe

The UK just posted its second month of very small but positive GDP growth data. That could signal the end of the so-called ‘technical recession’. The Bank of England (BoE) held its interest rate steady at 4% in April but it is widely expected to start cutting interest rates from June.

EU and Germany inflation are starting to come close to target at 2.4% and 2.2%, respectively. The president of the European Central Bank (ECB) spent much of last year talking of the need to keep interest rates higher for longer. That stance seems to be softening.

The EU posted a gain in GDP in Q1 but the previous quarter was revised down to give two consecutive quarters of negative growth in the second half of 2023.

Rest of the World

Canada’s unemployment rate rose to 6.1% and its jobs’ creation was negative. Analysts are expecting the Bank of Canada to start cutting interest rates soon.

Japan inflation missed at 2.7% against an expected 2.8%. Core CPI was on expectations at 2.6%. Such is the skittishness of markets, the Nikkei opened down 3% following these data. We think the fall was more due to the general uncertainty about whether or not global monetary policy is working.

The US has passed legislation for US military aid to go to the Ukraine, Taiwan and Israel. Australia has also sent aid.

We acknowledge the significant contribution of Dr Ron Bewley and Woodhall Investment Research Pty Ltd in the preparation of this report.

Financial stability is a dream for many, and is often viewed as a cornerstone of a successful relationship. While love and communication are undoubtedly vital, money matters can be a source of tension for couples if not properly addressed. Whether you’re just starting your journey together or have been navigating life’s ups and downs for years, engaging in open and honest dialogues about money can lay the groundwork for a more secure future.

What are our individual financial goals?

Understanding each other’s financial aspirations can help you align your priorities and work towards a common vision for the future. This could include wanting to save for a house, preparing to start a family, or considering when and how you each want to retire. Retirement is a particularly important element as some imagine an entirely different life from their working life, so preparing for what that might look like for you both is essential.

How do we manage our finances together?

Deciding whether to merge finances completely, keep them separate, or adopt a hybrid approach is a decision that couples should make together. Discussing how you’ll handle joint expenses, such as rent or mortgage payments, utilities, and groceries, can help avoid misunderstandings down the road. It also assists both individuals in staying on course with their goals, as they’ll be aware of each other’s financial positions.

Do we have any debts?

Being transparent about any debts you have, such as loans or credit card debt, is crucial. Discuss how you’ll tackle these debts together and come up with a plan for paying them off. Understanding how you both feel about debt is also important. If one partner is strongly averse to debt, while the other heavily relies on leveraging and debt servicing, finding a middle ground or keeping assets separate may be the way forward.Top of Form

What is our approach to budgeting?

Taking the time to create a budget together is an effective way to manage household expenses and work towards achieving your financial goals. This could be tracked manually, using budgeting apps such as Frollo or YNAB, or through setting up automatic transfers. During this process, discussing how you will handle unexpected expenses (medical, house or car repairs etc.) is also important and may involve saving for an emergency fund.

In essence, navigating finances as a couple is about more than just money – it’s about building trust, understanding, and a shared vision for the future.

In the pursuit of financial well-being, one of the most critical steps is getting your debt under control. This journey is not just about eliminating debt but to also create sustainable habits for more success in the long-term.

Take a look below at Moneysmart’s simple yet effective steps to get out of debt and stay out of debt.

Know what you owe

The first step towards getting out of debt is understanding where you stand. Make a list of all your debts (credit cards, loan repayments, unpaid bills etc.), that includes how much each debt is, the minimum monthly repayment if applicable and when the payment is due. From here, you can add them up to see your total amount owed.

Get help if you need it

If your debt feels too overwhelming, you may be tempted by quick-fix solutions such as payday loans or increasing the limit on your credit card. Remember, your financial adviser is there to help. They can assist you with options you have available to you and create a plan to get you back on track.

Work out what you can afford to pay

Working out how much you can afford to pay towards your debts is the next step in getting things under control.

Start by making a budget where you include all the money you have coming in (salary, pension) and money going out (food, rent, mortgage). Add these up and compare the money in vs the money out.

Make savings or cuts

If you have more money going out than coming in, or your expenses are higher than you’d like, it’s time to decide what expenses you can cut. Pick things that are realistic and that you can stick to.

When you’ve made your spending cuts, subtract money going out from money coming in and the amount left over is how much you can pay towards your debt each month.

Prioritise your debt and bills

Work out the highest priority bills to pay first such as:

• Rent or mortgage payments
  Council rates and body corporate fees
• Electricity, gas, water and phone
• Car repayments

These high priority debts and bills should be paid first. If you’re having difficulty paying a big bill, contact your provider to see if they can offer an extension or pay in instalments.

Start small and snowball your payments

Now that you’ve prioritised your bills and your debt money is sorted, it’s time to get started on your repayments. The snowball method involves starting small and paying off your debts one by one following these steps:

• List your debts – from smallest to largest.
• Pay the minimum – pay the minimum amount due using your debt money.
• Pay off the smallest debt first – use the rest of your debt money to pay off the smallest debt. Pay as much as you can each month, until you clear it.
• Celebrate and repeat — when you’ve paid off that debt, reward yourself to inspire you to keep going. Then move onto paying off the next smallest debt, and so on.

Get a savings mindset

When you’ve got your debt under control, keep the momentum going by saving regularly to help you avoid problems in the future. A great start is to create an emergency fund or open a savings account

Taking control of your debt is a crucial step towards improving your financial well-being. The simple steps provided by Moneysmart, combined with the guidance and expertise of your financial adviser, can provide you with an effective roadmap to help you succeed.

Source: https://moneysmart.gov.au/managing-debt/get-debt-under-control

In this month’s update, we provide a snapshot of economic occurrences both nationally and from around the globe.

Key points:

• US inflation ticks up a little but downward trend remains intact, rate cuts further deferred
• Australian inflation close to being back in the RBA target range
• Australian cost-of-living crisis not yet improving

We hope you find this month’s Economic Update as informative as always. If you have any feedback or would like to discuss any aspect of this report, please contact your Financial Adviser.

The Big Picture

Only one month ago, the bond market ascribed a 50% chance to a US Federal Reserve (Fed) interest rate cut in March and an 85% chance of two or more interest rate cuts by June. By the end of February, the chance of a rate cut in March was almost zero while only one cut is still deemed likely by June.

In essence, the market has come back closer to the Fed’s way of thinking as espoused at its December meeting. It now appears that three interest rate cuts in 2024 are more likely, rather than the six or even seven the market had toyed with as late as January this year.

The changes in the market’s expectations are due to updated inflation data and recent Fed commentary. Inflation data are ‘noisy’ (prone to short-term volatility) and are also impacted by such things as changes in the oil price. US Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation data in January and early February were not quite as good (low) as expected but they were not bad or even poor. The Fed’s comments have leant towards their trying to avoid cutting interest rates too soon for fear of a resurgence of inflation that might then force the Fed to revert to a tightening bias from its current neutral or ‘on hold’ stance.

The Fed is important to Australia, not only in terms of the US being a major economic power, but also due to its apparent influence on our central bank, the RBA, which seems likely to wait for the Fed to move before it does. The RBA governor and the committee are new this year and they seem to be still feeling their way a bit.

We see the case for cutting sooner rather than later as being different in the two countries.

The US economic data to date have been much stronger than many had anticipated. Perhaps this is due to savings and government spending (fiscal) policies as having fought against the central bank ‘monetary’ policy in the tightening cycle. However, there are some cracks appearing in the data. US retail sales in value terms only rose by +0.6% over the last 12 months so, with inflation running at +3.1%, inflation-adjusted retail sales (i.e. volume) are going backwards at ‑2.5% p.a.

US jobs data largely look strong but, as a Bloomberg reporter noted in February, labour market data should be viewed with a ‘dollop’ of salt (rather than the proverbial pinch). Collecting meaningful data is difficult at the best of times. The pandemic has a lot to answer for; the ‘gig’ economy adds new challenges; and the response-rates to data collecting agencies around the world have been tested in recent times.

Here in Australia, massive immigration flows have masked the true state of the economy. When GDP growth is measured in per capita terms, growth in four of the last six quarters has been negative and, even without correcting for population growth, inflation-adjusted retail sales have also been negative in four of the last six quarters. We think that is more than enough evidence to call the Australian economy as, in recession.

On top of the observed aggregate data, we know that mortgage rates have increased rapidly in recent times and any relief from holding fixed-rate mortgages taken during the pandemic has largely dissipated as the ‘mortgage cliff’ rolled over. Contrast the US system that largely depends on mortgagees holding very long-term fixed rates – up to 30 years i.e. the negative cashflow effect of Australian fixed rate borrowers moving from fixed-mortgage rates of circa 2.0% to circa 6.0% as their low fixed-rate terms ended and they began paying the no much higher variable or new fixed rates, did not occur in the US as their mortgages are largely 30-year fixed rate loans.

While the US CPI inflation data released in mid-February was an improvement over the previous month, the data missed market forecasts. The Fed prefers the Personal Consumption Expenditure (PCE) measure because it does not depend on a fixed basket of goods. Rather, the weights in the PCE measure adjust to consumer preferences over time.

The latest PCE inflation read at the end of February was +0.3% for the month of January and +2.4% over the last 12 months. The core variant, that strips out volatile energy and food components, was +0.4% for the month and +2.8% for the year.

The latest wage data in the US, adjusted for inflation ran at +1.4% over the year. While this number might be a little above historical comfort levels, it is necessary for workers to play catch-up in recovering the substantial losses made in the early part of the inflation cycle. We do not see any material evidence for a wage price spiral. Measured inflation expectations in the US have been quite stable at a little above +2%.

Inflation-adjusted wages in Australia have fallen substantially since the onset of the pandemic. However, that fall has since been arrested and there is some evidence of catch-up starting to emerge. If and when inflation falls sustainably back to the 2% to 3% RBA target-band, that does not mean prices return to pre-pandemic levels. Only deflation (negative values of inflation) can restore prices to previous levels or wage increases above inflation for a sustained time are needed to restore cost of living standards.

The latest monthly Australian CPI data for January were released at the end of February. The coverage of this index is around 70% of the quarterly index and that 70% is skewed towards goods rather than services.

The headline rate was +3.4% for the year and +4.1% for the core variant that strips out certain volatile goods like food, energy and vacation travel. We also produce regular in-house measures that better keep track of recent changes in trends. Our latest headline rate was +3.0% and the core was +2.3%. Both were within the RBA target range. We update these estimates every month. Neither variant has been above the target range for the last three, monthly updates.

Australia labour force data posted a second poor monthly reading in a row. Only 500 net new jobs were created following a loss of 65,100 in the prior month. The unemployment rate rose to 4.1% from 3.9%.

Around the world, many countries are suffering relatively poor economic times. Britain and Japan both slipped into recession using the popular ‘two negative quarters of economic growth’ definition. Interestingly, both of their major stock market indexes posted strong gains following these data releases. This type of behaviour underpins our view that our market does not necessarily have to perform poorly if further economic weakness becomes apparent. Markets are based on expectations while most economic data is a view in the rear-vision mirror.

After about a year of Ukraine holding its own against Russia, a lack of decision-making in the US Congress has led to a disruption in military supplies. Probably as a result, a major Ukrainian city fell to Russian forces during February. There has not been much impact of this conflict on economies in the rest of the word. But, without renewed support from the US in particular, that could change.

The Israel-Palestine conflict shows little sign of abating. The human suffering has reportedly been immense. There seems little chance of a resolution any time soon. The Israel GDP fell 20% in the December quarter compared to an expected fall of ‘only’ 10%.

Bond markets have stabilised and Wall Street has powered on following healthy report cards from the AI-chip designer NVIDIA and some others from the so-called ‘Magnificent Seven’ mega tech stocks.

The S&P 500 reached record highs in February as did the ASX 200. Even the Nikkei posted an all-time high that had stood since 1989!

The investing outlook will largely depend on how central banks report conditions and prospects, as much the actual data themselves. But conditions can change rapidly. If they do, we expect heightened equity-market volatility but longer-run prospects seem average to above average for investors in the nearer term.

Asset Classes

Australian Equities

The ASX 200 made a new all-time high in February but finished the month almost flat. The performances of the sectors were polarised. Energy, Materials and Telcos all fell more than -5% over the month. Consumer Discretionary gained more than +5% and IT gained nearly +20%!

Companies reporting earnings in February produced a mixed bag of results and, as a result, the broker forecasts collected by LSEG that we analyse show a slight weaking in earnings expectations for the next 12 months. However, that expectation is still just above the historical average.

International Equities

The London FTSE was flat in February but all of the other major indexes we follow gained around +4% or more. The S&P 500 was up +5.2%.

A lot of the impetus in Wall Street appears to have come from the big beat of the AI-chip designer, NVIDIA, earnings and prospects. This behaviour gives us some faith in the continuance of the Magnificent Seven rally that started a year ago – although one or two of the ‘seven’ seem to have fallen away from the peloton somewhat.

Our analysis of the LSEG broker forecasts reveal that forward expectations have held up through the US reporting season.

Bonds and Interest Rates

After 1 February Federal Open Markets Committee (FOMC) meeting, in which rates were kept in hold at 5.25% to 5.5%, Fed Chair, Jerome Powell stated that they were ‘confident inflation is coming down’ but that ‘they are not confident enough to start cutting’ yet.

The CME Fedwatch tool is pricing in about a 2% chance of a 0.25% interest rate cut at the March meeting. There is a modest chance of a rate cut priced in by the May meeting but there is over a 60% chance of a cut at the June meeting of the FOMC. The median expected number of interest rate cuts by the end of the year is three, but four rate cuts have a broadly similar probability.

Official US inflation data have been steadily improving but the gains are sluggish arguably because of the manner in which the shelter component of the price index is calculated. Currently shelter inflation stands at +6% and its weight in the CPI is around one third. Most commentators believe that the true measure for shelter is more like +3%. Therefore, we expect a big correction of 1% point or more in the CPI when the measure catches up with reality.

The RBA kept rates ‘on hold’. In the first media conference in the new RBA board setting, the governor may have embarrassed the board by trying to walk away from the three cuts in 2024 contained in the notes. She said that these three cuts were not forecasts or expectations but ‘assumptions’ as though this was a new category in policy making. It would be illogical to use anything but expectations for assumptions unless the Board wanted to convey outcomes under clearly differentiated assumptions such as base, best case and worst case.

Australian inflation data measured over the trailing 12-months is still above the RBA target range of 2.0% to 3.0% but it is well within that range when a shorter time period is used. We think there is little to no evidence of wage inflation becoming a problem if rates are cut and the data measuring demand point to a struggling economy for the average Australian. However, very strong immigration flows mask the extent of this economic weakness in the aggregate data.

We believe that the RBA will try to wait for the Fed to cut interest rates first before it takes its own corrective action. Therefore, we see the overhang of tight monetary policy causing even further hardship. Market expectations data support no cuts in the near term.

If we are correct in our analysis of the true state of the Australian economy and its likely course in the short-run, the RBA might be forced to do bigger cuts of say 50 bps when it does start easing policy.

Japan’s inflation rate has pulled back sufficiently for some to suggest that it may at last be able to start returning its benchmark rate to above 0% for the first time since 2016!

Other Assets

The price of oil recovered even more ground in February resulting in Brent ending the month at $US84 per barrel (Brent Crude price). This level is far from the $US95 that caused such problems with our inflation at the end of the September quarter. That oil price spike was caused by the onset of the Israel-Palestine conflict.

The price of iron ore again fell around 10% but, at $US117 per tonne, it is still well above the $US100 level that it came close to in the second half of 2023.

The prices of copper and gold were largely flat over February.

The Australian dollar – against the US dollar – depreciated by ‑0.8%.

Regional Review

Australia

Australian retail sales (in volume terms) rose +0.3% in the December quarter and fell ‑1.0% over 2023. Volume sales fell in four of the last six quarters. When population growth is taken into account, sales volumes fell by around ‑3.5% in 2023. This measure emphasises the extent of the very real cost-of-living crisis.

With the latest household savings ratio at 1.1% (compared to around 4% to 6% in normal times), growth for the December quarter – to be released in the first week of March – will slow appreciably from the +0.2% for the September quarter (+2.1% for the year) – or households will have been forced into no saving – or even dis-saving. A rate cut by the RBA, if passed on to mortgage holders would alleviate some of this burden in future quarters.

The labour force data were again very weak. Only 500 jobs were created in January but there was a switch of around 10,000 jobs from part-time to full-time. We previously reported that data for December were particularly grim but we attributed some of that apparent weakness to inappropriate statistical procedures designed to remove predictable seasonal patterns.

The unemployment rate is less susceptible to these adjustments as it is the ratio of two quantities, so adjusted. The latest unemployment rate is 4.1%, up from 3.9% the month before and 3.5% in June 2023. That makes the average unemployment rate equal to 4.0% for the last three months which is 0.5% above the low over the previous 12 months. A gap of that size is the basis of the Sahm-rule (named after the Fed member who devised the indicator) to predict a forthcoming recession.

The wage price index came in at +4.2% growth for 2023 which is above the +3.1% CPI inflation index over the same period. This 1.1% premium does not show wage demand is problematic. On average, wage growth should exceed price growth as workers are rewarded for productivity gains.

The current inflation-adjusted wage (or real wage) is 7% below its mid-2020 level. Workers are only able to buy 7% less in volume terms and there is the cumulative impact of this real wage-cut over time.

China

China’s economic data continue to be weak but not so much as to jeopardise our exports of iron ore and other commodities from Australia. The latest official Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) for manufacturing was a slight beat at 49.1 but below the 50-level that separates contraction from expansion in expectations.

China did move in February to cut a key interest rate and it seems to be pursuing an expansionary policy, albeit more slowly and carefully than in recent times.

China must deal with the problems of debt levels in its property sector while only stimulating the non-property sectors.

US

US CPI headline inflation came in at +0.3% for January against an expected +0.2% and +3.1% for the year against an expected +2.9%. Core inflation was +0.4% for the month against an expected 0.3% and 3.9% for the year against an expected 3.7%. The actual data were quite good compared to recent history but economists had reduced their forecasts quite sharply. Thus, the outcomes were considered poor (higher inflation being bad) and the chance of an interest rate cut was deferred further.

Our rolling quarterly estimates (annualised) were +2.8% p.a. and +4.0% p.a. for the headline and core CPI variants, respectively. Both were higher than in the prior month.

However, the real issue is how the Bureau of Labour Statistics (BLS) calculates a key component – shelter. Bloomberg reported that the BLS sent out an email to some clients about the problems with this component and then retracted it causing ‘confusion’. It has been suggested that this data problem might take five months to work through the system.

The Fed’s preferred PCE inflation data painted an even better picture. The monthly headline rate was +0.3% while for the year it was +2.4%. It’s getting very close to the target 2%! The core monthly read was +0.4% and for the year it was +2.8%. Given the problems we are experiencing with the shelter component of the CPI data, we are relying more heavily on the PCE measure at this time in our analysis.

US jobs grew by an unexpected and very large 353,000 in January. The expected range was 120,000 to 300,000 showing the high degree of uncertainty in the labour market data. Past data were also revised sharply. The unemployment rate remains at a healthy level of 3.7%.

Retail sales came in at ‑0.8% for January (expected ‑0.3%) following a revised +0.4% for December. The annual figure was +0.6% which was well below inflation at +3.1%. In real terms, the consumer is not as strong as some would have us believe.

The December quarter GDP estimate was revised down slightly from +3.3% to +3.2%.

Europe

Britain went into a ‘technical recession’ with its latest growth data for the December quarter. However, its retail sales in value terms grew by 3.4% in January after a ‘grim’ December. These data are very much in line with the recent US sales values that showed January was up 1.1% following a December decline of ‑2.1%. In short, we firmly believe that traditional seasonal patterns are being disrupted by ‘Black Friday’ internet sales. The Bank of England had kept its interest rate on hold at 5.25%.

Rest of the World

Israel’s December quarter GDP growth plunged by -20% compared to an expected fall of ‑10%. With so many Israelis mobilised to enter the conflict in Gaza, it might take some time for the situation to get back to normal in both a human and an economic sense.

Russia has taken advantage of a disruption in US aid to take over a large Ukrainian city in their ongoing conflict.

Japan entered a ‘technical recession’ but there seem to be two favourable outcomes. Inflation has dropped leading to a possible return to normal monetary policy settings (rather than the ‑0.1% base rate that has been in place since 2016). Secondly, after 35 years, the Nikkei share price index reached a new all-time high.

We acknowledge the significant contribution of Dr Ron Bewley and Woodhall Investment Research Pty Ltd in the preparation of this report